Trang An's rich biodiversity faces threats from tourism growth and urbanization. Preservation efforts focus on protecting its unique ecosystem and wildlife
The Trang An Landscape Complex in Ninh Binh, often referred to as an "outdoor geological museum," is a UNESCO World Heritage site known for its remarkable biodiversity and unique ecosystem. Covering an area of 12,251 hectares, the complex is home to a rich array of flora and fauna, many of which are rare and endangered. However, with the region facing the dual challenges of rapid tourism growth and climate change, preserving Trang An’s biodiversity has become an urgent priority for local authorities.

Trang An’s landscape is a breathtaking labyrinth of nearly 100 interconnected caves, contributing to its appeal as a popular tourist destination. Yet beneath its scenic beauty lies an ecological treasure trove. The biodiversity of the complex is reflected in its rich variety of species, including many that are rare and endangered. According to the Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Trang An is home to 134 plant families, encompassing 577 species. Among these, 10 species are listed in the Red Book of Vietnam, and seven have been newly recorded in the country.

The complex is also notable for its medicinal plant diversity, with around 311 vascular plant species identified for their use in traditional medicine. The animal kingdom in Trang An is equally diverse, with species such as Delacour's langur, civets, pangolins, otters, and the endangered striped tortoise all calling the complex home. The rich biodiversity is further highlighted by bird species like the heron and lesser whistling duck, as well as reptiles such as the crowing crest snake and earth phoenix.

Bui Viet Thang, Vice Director of the Trang An Landscape Complex Management Board, emphasized the unique nature of Trang An’s limestone ecosystem, which supports a high level of biodiversity. This rich environment not only contributes to the natural beauty that draws millions of visitors but also provides valuable opportunities for scientific research. Tourism, in particular, has become a major driver of the local economy, creating jobs and raising incomes for residents.

Despite these successes, protecting the biodiversity of Trang An faces significant challenges. The management board has implemented a series of measures to safeguard the complex's ecological integrity, including collaboration with the Hoa Lu special-use forest management board. Initiatives such as restricting harmful activities, releasing rare animals back into the wild, and planting trees to reduce extinction risks have been key components of these efforts. Additionally, inter-sectoral inspection groups monitor and address violations, and efforts are made to raise awareness among local communities about the importance of preserving cultural, historical, and biodiversity values.

However, the rapid growth of tourism and urbanization presents ongoing threats. Experts have pointed out that infrastructure development has struggled to keep pace with the demands of increased tourism. The expansion of facilities and services could alter the landscape, disrupt natural habitats, and put additional pressure on wildlife due to poaching, smuggling, and forest fires. Moreover, tourism activities generate significant amounts of waste and wastewater, posing risks of pollution and habitat degradation.

In response to these concerns, the Trang An management board has worked closely with scientists to identify areas of high biodiversity value and implement strategies for their effective management and preservation. Coordinated efforts between local authorities, travel companies, and tourist areas are seen as essential in ensuring that biodiversity is upheld while allowing tourism and socio-economic development to thrive.

For Trang An to continue serving as both a cultural and ecological haven, a balance must be struck between promoting tourism and protecting its natural treasures. This delicate equilibrium will require a concerted effort from all stakeholders, including businesses, government authorities, and local communities.